- Regulation FD
- The SEC rule barring selective disclosure of material nonpublic information to analysts or favored investors without simultaneous public disclosure. An intentional selective disclosure must be public at the same time; an unintentional one must be cured promptly, generally within 24 hours or before the next market open.
- Material nonpublic information (MNPI)
- Information a reasonable investor would consider important to a buy, sell or hold decision that has not been broadly disseminated. Nearly every disclosure control — quiet periods, insider trading policies, disclosure committees — exists to manage it.
- Quiet period
- The self-imposed window, typically from quarter end until the earnings release, during which a company does not discuss results or guidance with investors. Not a legal requirement in the periodic-reporting sense, but a near-universal disclosure control; a separate statutory quiet period applies around registered offerings.
- Safe harbor, forward-looking statements and the PSLRA
- The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 gives a safe harbor for forward-looking statements identified as such and accompanied by meaningful cautionary language. The PSLRA also raised pleading standards for securities fraud and created the lead-plaintiff process. It is why guidance is bracketed by a legend, why the cautionary factors have to be specific rather than boilerplate, and why earnings language is drafted as carefully as it is.
- Non-GAAP measures, Reg G and Item 2.02
- Regulation G and Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K require any non-GAAP measure to be reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, presented with no greater prominence. Item 2.02 of Form 8-K governs furnishing the earnings release itself. Non-GAAP presentation remains one of the most common SEC comment-letter topics.
- Form 8-K and triggering events
- The current report filed on the occurrence of specified events — entry into or termination of a material agreement, results of operations under Item 2.02, departure of directors or officers under Item 5.02, non-reliance on previously issued financials under Item 4.02, and more — generally due within four business days.
- Form 10-K
- The annual report: business description, risk factors, MD&A, audited financial statements, controls and procedures, and executive-compensation information usually incorporated by reference from the proxy. The single most-read document a public company produces.
- Form 10-Q
- The quarterly report with unaudited financials, condensed MD&A and updated risk factors, filed for the first three fiscal quarters. Deadlines run 40 or 45 days after quarter end depending on filer status.
- Proxy statement (DEF 14A)
- The definitive proxy filed ahead of the annual meeting, containing the matters to be voted on, director biographies and independence, audit and compensation committee reports, executive pay tables and beneficial-ownership tables.
- Say-on-pay
- The non-binding advisory shareholder vote on named-executive-officer compensation required by Dodd-Frank, held at least once every three years, plus the say-on-frequency vote. A result below roughly 70% support is generally treated as a signal that demands a disclosed response.
- Pay-versus-performance disclosure
- The tabular disclosure adopted in 2022 requiring 'compensation actually paid' to be shown alongside total shareholder return, peer TSR, net income and a company-selected measure over multiple years, plus a tabular list of the most important performance metrics.
- Rule 10b5-1 plan and cooling-off period
- A written trading plan adopted while not in possession of MNPI that gives an affirmative defense to insider-trading liability. Amendments effective in 2023 added mandatory cooling-off periods before trading may begin, director and officer certifications, limits on overlapping plans, and quarterly disclosure of plan adoption and termination.
- Section 16 and Form 4
- Directors, officers and greater-than-10% holders report their holdings on Form 3 and changes on Form 4, generally within two business days, with Form 5 for year-end catch-ups. Section 16(b) also allows recovery of short-swing profits from purchases and sales within six months.
- Schedule 13D vs 13G
- Beneficial owners of more than 5% of a class file 13D if they intend to influence control and 13G if they are passive or exempt. A 13D is the document an activist campaign typically becomes visible through; filing deadlines were shortened in 2024.
- SOX 302 and 404
- Section 302 requires CEO and CFO certifications of each periodic report and of disclosure controls; Section 404(a) requires management's annual assessment of internal control over financial reporting, and 404(b) requires an independent auditor attestation on ICFR for larger filers, with non-accelerated filers and many smaller reporting companies exempt.
- ICFR
- Internal control over financial reporting — the processes providing reasonable assurance about the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of statements under GAAP. Almost always assessed against the COSO 2013 framework.
- Material weakness and restatement
- A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in ICFR such that there is a reasonable possibility a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis; disclosing one requires describing it, its effect and the remediation plan, and it typically moves the stock. A 'Big R' restatement goes further, requiring an Item 4.02 Form 8-K stating that prior financial statements should no longer be relied upon, while a 'little r' revision is corrected in the next filing. Restatements now also trigger compensation clawbacks under exchange listing standards.
- Cybersecurity disclosure: Item 1.05 and Item 106
- Item 1.05 of Form 8-K requires disclosure of the material aspects of a material cybersecurity incident's nature, scope and timing and its material impact, generally within four business days of the materiality determination — not of discovery. Item 106 of Regulation S-K is the annual 10-K companion, describing processes for assessing, identifying and managing material cyber risk, management's role and board oversight. Immaterial or unresolved incidents are voluntarily reported under Item 8.01 instead.
- Climate disclosure rules
- The SEC's 2024 climate-disclosure rules would have required governance, risk, targets, certain Scope 1 and 2 emissions and financial-statement footnote disclosure. The Commission stayed them amid litigation and later stepped back from defending them, leaving California's climate statutes and the EU's CSRD as the operative pressure for many US issuers.
- Earnings call, prepared remarks and Q&A
- The scheduled conference call and webcast around a results release. Access must be broadly available and pre-announced for the call to be a Regulation FD-compliant channel. The prepared remarks are the scripted, legally vetted portion — increasingly posted as a document in advance — while the live analyst Q&A is where disclosure discipline is actually tested. The transcript becomes a permanent record that analysts and plaintiffs both read.
- Guidance and guidance withdrawal
- Company-issued forward expectations for revenue, margin, earnings or other metrics. Withdrawing or suspending guidance is itself a material communication requiring explanation, and companies that pull guidance in a shock typically face a valuation discount until they reinstate it.
- Beat and raise
- Reporting results above consensus while also increasing forward guidance — the outcome that most reliably supports a stock, and the reason many management teams set guidance they believe they can clear.
- Consensus estimate
- The mean or median of sell-side analyst forecasts for a period, compiled by data vendors. It is the de facto bar results are judged against, and IR teams monitor it closely without steering individual models in ways that would create selective disclosure.
- Whisper number
- The unofficial expectation circulating among traders and buy-side investors that can differ from published consensus. A company can beat consensus and still sell off because it missed the whisper.
- Buy-side vs sell-side
- The buy side manages capital and makes ownership decisions; the sell side publishes research, hosts conferences and distributes it. IR programs are measured on ownership outcomes on the buy side but often run through sell-side access.
- Initiating coverage
- The first published research report on a company by an analyst, usually with a rating and price target. Adding a credible covering analyst is one of the few structural levers a small or mid-cap has to improve liquidity and visibility.
- Price target
- An analyst's projected share price over a stated horizon, derived from a valuation methodology. Companies neither endorse nor confirm targets, but the dispersion of targets is a useful read on how well the equity story is understood.
- Short interest
- Shares sold short and not yet covered, reported twice monthly and commonly expressed as a percentage of float or as days-to-cover. Elevated short interest changes both the shareholder mix and the tone of a company's public narrative.
- Public float
- Shares held by non-affiliates and freely tradable. Float determines filer status and index eligibility, drives liquidity, and is the denominator behind most ownership and short-interest statistics.
- Lock-up period
- The contractual restriction, typically 180 days after an IPO, preventing insiders and pre-IPO holders from selling. Expiration is a known supply event that IR teams plan communications around.
- Secondary offering
- A post-IPO sale of shares — primary if the company issues new shares and raises capital, secondary if existing holders sell and the company receives nothing. The distinction matters enormously to how the market reads the deal.
- ATM program
- An at-the-market equity program allowing a company to sell shares into the open market over time through a designated agent under a shelf registration. Cheaper and less disruptive than a marketed deal, but dilutive on a rolling basis and disclosed in filings.
- Buyback and Rule 10b-18 safe harbor
- Share repurchases conducted within the manner, timing, price and volume conditions of Rule 10b-18 get a safe harbor from market-manipulation liability. Repurchase activity is disclosed in periodic reports, and buybacks have carried a federal excise tax on net repurchases since 2023.
- Dividend policy
- The declared approach to returning cash — initiation, growth rate, payout ratio and the signaling weight of a cut. Initiating a dividend broadens the eligible investor base but sets an expectation that is expensive to reverse.
- Market cap tiers
- The conventional bands — mega, large, mid, small, micro and nano cap — that determine index membership, analyst coverage economics, institutional eligibility and which peer group a company is benchmarked against. Most of Austin's listed base sits in the mid- and small-cap bands.
- Index inclusion
- Addition to a major benchmark such as the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400 or a Russell index, which forces index funds to buy and permanently changes a shareholder register. Eligibility depends on float, liquidity, domicile and, for S&P indices, profitability and a committee decision.
- Russell reconstitution
- FTSE Russell's annual rebalancing of its US indexes, which resets membership and style weights and concentrates enormous trading volume into a single closing print. For small and mid-caps it is the largest single liquidity event of the year.
- Activist investor
- A shareholder taking a stake to force strategic, operational, capital-allocation or governance change, usually surfacing through a Schedule 13D or a public letter. Campaigns commonly demand board seats, divestitures, buybacks or a sale of the company.
- Takeover defenses
- Structural protections including the shareholder rights plan or 'poison pill' that dilutes an acquirer crossing an ownership threshold, and the staggered or classified board that elects directors in multi-year classes so control cannot change in a single meeting. Both are unpopular with proxy advisors and index managers.
- Proxy advisor
- Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis publish voting recommendations that many institutions follow, giving their policies real influence over say-on-pay, director elections and equity plans. Their annual policy updates effectively set the compliance calendar for governance teams.
- Shareholder proposal (Rule 14a-8)
- The mechanism by which an eligible holder places a proposal in the company's proxy, subject to ownership and resubmission thresholds and to exclusion grounds a company can pursue through the SEC staff no-action process. Recent staff guidance has widened the ordinary-business and micromanagement grounds for exclusion.
- Annual meeting and virtual AGM
- The required shareholder meeting to elect directors and vote on presented matters. Virtual-only and hybrid formats became mainstream after 2020; they cut cost and widen access but draw criticism when question screening limits genuine accountability.
- IPO
- The initial public offering — an S-1 registration, SEC review, roadshow, book-build and pricing that converts a private company into a reporting one, along with a control-and-procedures build-out, an IR function and a first-year reporting calendar.
- Direct listing
- Listing existing shares on an exchange without an underwritten primary raise, avoiding dilution and lock-ups but forgoing the capital and the price-stabilization mechanics of a traditional IPO.
- SPAC and de-SPAC
- A special purpose acquisition company raises blind-pool capital and then merges with a private target, which becomes public through the de-SPAC. Redemptions, PIPE financing and projection disclosure make the outcome far more variable than an IPO, and the SEC's 2024 rules tightened projection and liability treatment.
- Going private and the take-private premium
- A transaction, usually private-equity led, that acquires all public shares and deregisters the company, ending Exchange Act reporting. The premium over the unaffected price is the headline number, and Rule 13e-3 imposes extra disclosure when an affiliate is on the buy side.